Breathing / meditation
We strongly encourage you to follow our 10-minutes a day routines. They can be (and often are!) a game-changer.
Breathing exercises below:
- Breathing Intro - Diaphragmatic Breathing & Perfect Breath Rate
- Breathing for Anxiety and Depression - a simple 4-7-8 Breathing Method
- Tummo-simplified (Wim Hof's style) exercises
- Calm nervous system and decrease amygdala activity with apnea workout - tools for depression & anxiety
References:
- Valentin Magnon, Frédéric Dutheil and Guillaume T. Vallet, Benefits from one session of deep and slow breathing on vagal tone and anxiety in young and older adults https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98736-9
- Abdou, A. M., Higashiguchi, S., Horie, K., Kim, M., Hatta, H., & Yokogoshi, H. (2006). Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. BioFactors, 26(3), 201–208.
-
Agte, V. V., & Chiplonkar, S. A. (2008). Sudarshan Kriya yoga for improving antioxidant status and reducing anxiety in adults. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 14(2), 96–100. doi:10.1089/act.2008.14204.
-
Alberts, B., Amodio, J., Lewis J., Raff, M., K., Roberts, K., Walter, P. (2002). The mitochondrion. Molecular biology of the cell (4th edn). New York: Garland Science.
-
Bernardi, L., Spadacini, G., Bellwon, J., Hajric, R., Roskamm, H., & Frey, A. W. (1998). Effect of breathing rate on oxygen saturation and exercise performance in chronic heart failure. Lancet, 351(9112), 1308–1311. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)10341-5.
-
Bhimani, N. T., Kulkarni, N. B., Kowale, A., & Salvi, S. (2011). Effect of Pranayama on stress and cardiovascular autonomic function. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 55(4), 370–377.
-
Bilo, G., Revera, M., Bussotti, M., Bonacina, D., Styczkiewicz, K., Caldara, G., et al. (2012). Effects of slow deep breathing at high altitude on oxygen saturation, pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics. PLoS One, 7(11), e49074. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049074.
-
Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2005a). Sudarshan kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression. Part II—Clinical applications and guidelines. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 11(4), 711–717. doi:10.1089/acm.2005.11.711.
-
Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2005b). Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I—Neurophysiologic model. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 11(1), 189–201. doi:10.1089/acm.2005.11.189.
-
Buffett-Jerrott, S. E., & Stewart, S. H. (2002). Cognitive and sedative effects of benzodiazepine use. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 8(1), 45–58.
-
Bujatti, M., & Riederer, P. (1976). Serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine metabolites in transcendental meditation-technique. Journal of Neural Transmission, 39(3), 257–267.
-
Cacioppo, J. T., Bernston, G. G., Larsen, J. T., Poehlmann, K. M., & Ito, T. (2000). The psychophysiology of emotion (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
-
Campbell, H. A., & Egginton, S. (2007). The vagus nerve mediates cardio-respiratory coupling that changes with metabolic demand in a temperate nototheniod fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210(Pt 14), 2472–2480. doi:10.1242/jeb.003822.
-
Colleoni, F., Padmanabhan, N., Yung, H. W., Watson, E. D., Cetin, I., Tissot van Patot, M. C., et al. (2013). Suppression of mitochondrial electron transport chain function in the hypoxic human placenta: A role for miRNA-210 and protein synthesis inhibition. PLoS One, 8(1), e55194. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055194.
-
Cowings, P. S., Suter, S., Toscano, W. B., Kamiya, J., & Naifeh, K. (1986). General autonomic components of motion sickness. Psychophysiology, 23(5), 542–551.
-
Cysarz, D., & Bussing, A. (2005). Cardiorespiratory synchronization during Zen meditation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(1), 88–95. doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1379-3.
-
Czyzyk-Krzeska, M. F., & Trzebski, A. (1990). Respiratory-related discharge pattern of sympathetic nerve activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Journal of Physiology, 426, 355–368.
-
Davis, M. (1992). The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 15, 353–375. doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033.
-
Delmonte, M. M. (1984). Physiological responses during meditation and rest. Biofeedback and Self Regulation, 9(2), 181–200.
-
Dempsey, J. A., Sheel, A. W., St Croix, C. M., & Morgan, B. J. (2002). Respiratory influences on sympathetic vasomotor outflow in humans. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 130(1), 3–20.
-
Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., & Schwartz, E. L. (2012). Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292.
-
Descilo, T., Vedamurtachar, A., Gerbarg, P. L., Nagaraja, D., Gangadhar, B. N., Damodaran, B., et al. (2010). Effects of a yoga breath intervention alone and in combination with an exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in survivors of the 2004 South-East Asia tsunami. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121(4), 289–300. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01466.x.
-
Dick, T. E., Baekey, D. M., Paton, J. F., Lindsey, B. G., & Morris, K. F. (2009). Cardio-respiratory coupling depends on the pons. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 168(1–2), 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.07.009.
-
DiMicco, J. A., Gale, K., Hamilton, B., & Gillis, R. A. (1979). GABA receptor control of parasympathetic outflow to heart: Characterization and brainstem localization. Science, 204(4397), 1106–1109.
-
Everly, G., Jr., & Lating, J. (2013). Voluntary control of respiration patterns. A clinical guide to the treatment of the human stress response (pp. 223–235). Springer: New York.
-
Fieni, F., Parkar, A., Misgeld, T., Kerschensteiner, M., Lichtman, J. W., Pasinelli, P., & Trotti, D. (2010). Voltage-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium conductance in the outer membrane of neuronal mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(35), 27411–27417. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.131243.
-
Frank, J. G., & Mendelowitz, D. (2012). Synaptic and intrinsic activation of GABAergic neurons in the cardiorespiratory brainstem network. PLoS One, 7(5), e36459. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036459.
-
Gerbarg, P. L., & Brown, R. P. (2005). Yoga: A breath of relief for Hurricane Katrina refugees. Current Psychiatry, 4, 55–67.
-
Gnaiger, E., & Kuznetsov, A. V. (2002). Mitochondrial respiration at low levels of oxygen and cytochrome c. Biochemical Society Transactions, 30(2), 252–258.
-
Goddard, A. W., Mason, G. F., Almai, A., Rothman, D. L., Behar, K. L., Petroff, O. A., et al. (2001). Reductions in occipital cortex GABA levels in panic disorder detected with 1 h-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 556–561.
-
Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10(1), 83–91. doi:10.1037/a0018441.
-
Gomez, P., Stahel, W. A., & Danuser, B. (2004). Respiratory responses during affective picture viewing. Biological Psychology, 67(3), 359–373. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.013.
-
Guglietti, C. L., Daskalakis, Z. J., Radhu, N., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Ritvo, P. (2013). Meditation-related increases in GABAB modulated cortical inhibition. Brain Stimulation, 6(3), 397–402. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.08.005.
-
Gupta, P. K., Kumar, M., Kumari, R., & Deo, J. (2010). Anuloma-viloma pranayama and anxiety and depression among the aged. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 36(1), 159–164.
-
Herman, J. P., & Cullinan, W. E. (1997). Neurocircuitry of stress: Central control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(2), 78–84.
-
Hoffman, J. W., Benson, H., Arns, P. A., Stainbrook, G. L., Landsberg, G. L., Young, J. B., & Gill, A. (1982). Reduced sympathetic nervous system responsivity associated with the relaxation response. Science, 215(4529), 190–192.
-
Iglesias, S. L., Azzara, S., Argibay, J. C., Arnaiz, M. L., de Valle Carpineta, M., Granchetti, H., & Lagomarsino, E. (2012). Psychological and physiological response of students to different types of stress management programs. American Journal of Health Promotion, 26(6), e149–e158. doi:10.4278/ajhp.110516-QUAL-199.
-
Infante, J. R., Torres-Avisbal, M., Pinel, P., Vallejo, J. A., Peran, F., Gonzalez, F., et al. (2001). Catecholamine levels in practitioners of the transcendental meditation technique. Physiology and Behavior, 72(1–2), 141–146.
-
Innes, K. E., & Selfe, T. K. (2014). Meditation as a therapeutic intervention for adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease - potential benefits and underlying mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychiatry. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00040.
-
Isoardi, N. A., Bertotto, M. E., Martijena, I. D., Molina, V. A., & Carrer, H. F. (2007). Lack of feedback inhibition on rat basolateral amygdala following stress or withdrawal from sedative-hypnotic drugs. European Journal of Neuroscience, 26(4), 1036–1044. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05714.x.
-
Isu, N., Koo, J., & Takahashi, N. (1987). Changes of skin potential level and of skin resistance level corresponding to lasting motion discomfort. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 58(2), 136–142.
-
Jacobs, G. D. (2001). Clinical applications of the relaxation response and mind-body interventions. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 7(Suppl 1), S93–101.
-
Janakiramaiah, N., Gangadhar, B. N., Naga Venkatesha Murthy, P. J., Harish, M. G., Subbakrishna, D. K., & Vedamurthachar, A. (2000). Antidepressant efficacy of sudarshan kriya yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1–3), 255–259.
-
Jerath, R., & Barnes, V. A. (2009). Augmentation of mind-body therapy and role of deep slow breathing. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. doi:10.2202/1553-3840.1299.
-
Jerath, R., Barnes, V. A., & Crawford, M. W. (2014). Mind-body response and neurophysiological changes during stress and meditation: central role of homeostasis. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, 28(4), 545–554.
-
Jerath, R., Barnes, V. A., Dillard-Wright, D., Jerath, S., & Hamilton, B. (2012). Dynamic change of awareness during meditation techniques: Neural and physiological correlates. Frontiers Human Neuroscience, 6, 131. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00131.
-
Jerath, R., Crawford, M. W., Barnes, V. A., & Harden, K. (2015). Widespread depolarization during expiration: A source of respiratory drive? Medical Hypotheses, 84(1), 31–37. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.11.010.
-
Jerath, R., Edry, J. W., Barnes, V. A., & Jerath, V. (2006). Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: Neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 566–571. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.042.
-
Jerath, R., Harden, K., Crawford, M., Barnes, V. A., & Jensen, M. (2014). Role of cardiorespiratory synchronization and sleep physiology: Effects on membrane potential in the restorative functions of sleep. Sleep Medicine,. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.10.017.
-
Kim, K. H., Bang, S. W., & Kim, S. R. (2004). Emotion recognition system using short-term monitoring of physiological signals. Medical Biological Engineering Computing, 42(3), 419–427.
-
Kim, S. H., Schneider, S. M., Bevans, M., Kravitz, L., Mermier, C., Qualls, C., & Burge, M. R. (2013). PTSD symptom reduction with mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise: Randomized controlled clinical trial of efficacy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 98(7), 2984–2992. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3742.
-
Kjaer, T. W., Bertelsen, C., Piccini, P., Brooks, D., Alving, J., & Lou, H. C. (2002). Increased dopamine tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 13(2), 255–259.
-
Kmita, H., & Stobienia, O. (2006). The VDAC channel as the mitochondria function regulator. Postepy Biochemii, 52(2), 129–136.
-
Kondo, T., Kobayashi, I., Hirokawa, Y., Ohta, Y., Yamabayashi, H., & Arita, H. (1993). Centrally driven slow oscillating potential of extrathoracic trachea. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 74(3), 1066–1072.
-
Kop, W. J., Synowski, S. J., Newell, M. E., Schmidt, L. A., Waldstein, S. R., & Fox, N. A. (2011). Autonomic nervous system reactivity to positive and negative mood induction: The role of acute psychological responses and frontal electrocortical activity. Biological Psychology, 86(3), 230–238. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.003.
-
Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 394–421. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010.
-
Kulkarni, S., O’Farrell, I., Erasi, M., & Kochar, M. S. (1998). Stress and hypertension. WMJ: Official Publication of the State, 97(11), 34–38.
-
Lader, M. (1994). Anxiolytic drugs: Dependence, addiction and abuse. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 4(2), 85–91.
-
Laurino, R. A., Barnabe, V., Saraiva-Romanholo, B. M., Stelmach, R., Cukier, A., & Nunes Mdo, P. (2012). Respiratory rehabilitation: A physiotherapy approach to the control of asthma symptoms and anxiety. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 67(11), 1291–1297.
-
Leung, R. S., Floras, J. S., & Bradley, T. D. (2006). Respiratory modulation of the autonomic nervous system during Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 84(1), 61–66. doi:10.1139/y05-145.
-
Liu, Q.-H., Zheng, Y.-M., Korde, A. S., Yadav, V. R., Rathore, R., Wess, J., & Wang, Y.-X. (2009). Membrane depolarization causes a direct activation of G protein-coupled receptors leading to local Ca2+ release in smooth muscle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(27), 11418–11423. doi:10.1073/pnas.0813307106.
-
Lo, P. C., & Chang, C. H. (2013). Effects of long-term dharma-chan meditation on cardiorespiratory synchronization and HRV behavior. Rejuvenation Research, 16(2), 115–123.
-
Malliani, A. (1999). The pattern of sympathovagal balance explored in the frequency domain. Physiology, 14(3), 111–117.
-
Manzoni, G., Pagnini, F., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2008). Relaxation training for anxiety: A ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 41.
-
Marshall, R. S., Basilakos, A., Williams, T., & Love-Myers, K. (2013). Exploring the benefits of unilateral nostril breathing practice post-stroke: Attention, language, spatial abilities, depression, and anxiety. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,. doi:10.1089/acm.2013.0019.
-
Masaoka, Y., & Homma, I. (2000). The source generator of respiratory-related anxiety potential in the human brain. Neuroscience Letters, 283(1), 21–24.
-
Masaoka, Y., & Homma, I. (2001). The effect of anticipatory anxiety on breathing and metabolism in humans. Respiration Physiology, 128(2), 171–177. doi:10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00278-X.
-
McCorry, L. K. (2007). Physiology of the autonomic nervous system. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 71(4), 78.
-
Meyer, J. S., & Quenzer, L. F. (2005). Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the brain, and behavior. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
-
Murik, S. E. (2005). Polarization theory of motivations, emotions and attention. Bulletin of Eastern-Siberian Scientific Center SB RAMS, 7, 167–174.
-
Musazzi, L., Milanese, M., Farisello, P., Zappettini, S., Tardito, D., Barbiero, V. S., et al. (2010). Acute stress increases depolarization-evoked glutamate release in the rat prefrontal/frontal cortex: The dampening action of antidepressants. PLoS One, 5(1), e8566. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008566.
-
Naveen, G. H., Rao, M. G., Vishal, V., Thirthalli, J., Varambally, S., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2013). Development and feasibility of yoga therapy module for out-patients with depression in India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 3), S350–S356. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.116305.
-
Nemati, A. (2013). The effect of pranayama on test anxiety and test performance. International Journal of Yoga, 6(1), 55–60. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.105947.
-
Nesse, R. M., & Berridge, K. C. (1997). Psychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective. Science, 278(5335), 63–66. doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.63.
-
Newberg, A., Travis, F., Wintering, N., Nidich, S., Alavi, A., & Schneider, R. (2006). Cerebral 416 glucose metabolic changes associated with Transcendental Meditation practice. Paper presented at the neural imaging, Miami, Fl.
-
Ospina, M. B., Bond, K., Karkhaneh, M., Tjosvold, L., Vandermeer, B., Liang, Y., et al. (2007). Meditation practices for health: state of the research. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep)(155), 1–263.
-
Padival, M., Quinette, D., & Rosenkranz, J. A. (2013). Effects of repeated stress on excitatory drive of basal amygdala neurons in vivo. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(9), 1748–1762. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.74.
-
Pal, G. K., Velkumary, S., & Madanmohan, (2004). Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volunteers. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 120(2), 115–121.
-
Patin, A., & Hurlemann, R. (2011). Modulating amygdala responses to emotion: Evidence from pharmacological fMRI. Neuropsychologia, 49(4), 706–717. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.004.
-
Peupelmann, J., Boettger, M. K., Ruhland, C., Berger, S., Ramachandraiah, C. T., Yeragani, V. K., & Bär, K.-J. (2009). Cardio-respiratory coupling indicates suppression of vagal activity in acute schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 112(1–3), 153–157. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.042.
-
Porta, A., Guzzetti, S., Montano, N., Pagani, M., Somers, V., Malliani, A., et al. (2000). Information domain analysis of cardiovascular variability signals: Evaluation of regularity, synchronisation and co-ordination. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 38(2), 180–188.
-
Ranabir, S., & Reetu, K. (2011). Stress and hormones. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 15(1), 18–22. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.77573.
-
Reznikov, L. R., Grillo, C. A., Piroli, G. G., Pasumarthi, R. K., Reagan, L. P., & Fadel, J. (2007). Acute stress-mediated increases in extracellular glutamate levels in the rat amygdala: Differential effects of antidepressant treatment. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(10), 3109–3114. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05560.x.
-
Sato, T., Nishishita, K., Kato, Y., Okada, Y., & Toda, K. (2006). Tonic activity of parasympathetic efferent nerve fibers hyperpolarizes the resting membrane potential of frog taste cells. Chemical Senses, 31(4), 307–313. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjj034.
-
Schafer, C., Rosenblum, M. G., Kurths, J., & Abel, H. H. (1998). Heartbeat synchronized with ventilation. Nature, 392(6673), 239–240. doi:10.1038/32567.
-
Seals, D. R., Suwarno, N. O., & Dempsey, J. A. (1990). Influence of lung volume on sympathetic nerve discharge in normal humans. Circulation Research, 67(1), 130–141. doi:10.1161/01.res.67.1.130.
-
Sequeira, H., Hot, P., Silvert, L., & Delplanque, S. (2009). Electrical autonomic correlates of emotion. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 71(1), 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.009.
-
Song, H. S., & Lehrer, P. M. (2003). The effects of specific respiratory rates on heart rate and heart rate variability. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 28(1), 13–23.
-
St Croix, C. M., Satoh, M., Morgan, B. J., Skatrud, J. B., & Dempsey, J. A. (1999). Role of respiratory motor output in within-breath modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Circulation Research, 85(5), 457–469.
-
Starcevic, V. (2012). Benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders: Maximising the benefits and minimising the risks. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 18(4), 250–258. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.110.008631.
-
Storm, H., Myre, K., Rostrup, M., Stokland, O., Lien, M. D., & Raeder, J. C. (2002). Skin conductance correlates with perioperative stress. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 46(7), 887–895.
-
Streeter, C. C., Gerbarg, P. L., Saper, R. B., Ciraulo, D. A., & Brown, R. P. (2012). Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyric-acid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical Hypotheses, 78(5), 571–579. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.021.
-
Streeter, C. C., Jensen, J. E., Perlmutter, R. M., Cabral, H. J., Tian, H., Terhune, D. B., et al. (2007). Yoga Asana sessions increase brain GABA levels: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(4), 419–426. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.6338.
-
Stubenrauch, J. M. (2011). Meditation as good as medication? AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 111(3), 16.
-
Sztajzel, J. (2004). Heart rate variability: A noninvasive electrocardiographic method to measure the autonomic nervous system. Swiss Medical Weekly, 134(35–36), 514–522.
-
Taylor, V. A., Grant, J., Daneault, V., Scavone, G., Breton, E., Roffe-Vidal, S., et al. (2011). Impact of mindfulness on the neural responses to emotional pictures in experienced and beginner meditators. Neuroimage, 57(4), 1524–1533. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.001.
-
Telles, S., Nagarathna, R., & Nagendra, H. R. (1995). Autonomic changes during “OM” meditation. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 39(4), 418–420.
-
Topchiy, I., Radulovacki, M., Waxman, J., & Carley, D. W. (2011). Impact of the vagal feedback on cardiorespiratory coupling in anesthetized rats. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 175(3), 375–382. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2010.12.017.
-
Vandana, B., Vaidyanathan, K., Saraswathy, L. A., Sundaram, K. R., & Kumar, H. (2011). Impact of integrated amrita meditation technique on adrenaline and cortisol levels in healthy volunteers. Evidence Based Complement Alternative Medicine, 2011, 379645. doi:10.1155/2011/379645.
-
Vrijkotte, T. G. M., van Doornen, L. J. P., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2000). Effects of work stress on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Hypertension, 35(4), 880–886. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.35.4.880.
-
Wahlestedt, C., Pich, E., Koob, G., Yee, F., & Heilig, M. (1993). Modulation of anxiety and neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptors by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Science, 259(5094), 528–531. doi:10.1126/science.8380941.
-
Wallace, R. K. (1970). Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science, 167(3926), 1751–1754.
-
Wallace, R. K., Benson, H., & Wilson, A. F. (1971). A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. American Journal of Physiology, 221(3), 795–799.
-
Wijsman, J., Grundlehner, B., Penders, J., & Hermens, H. (2010). Trapezius muscle EMG as predictor of mental stress. Paper presented at the Wireless Health 2010, San Diego, California.
-
Wood, C. (1993). Mood change and perceptions of vitality: A comparison of the effects of relaxation, visualization and yoga. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 86(5), 254–258.
-
Wu, L. J., Gao, Z., Chen, B., Koval, O. M., Singh, M. V., Guan, X., et al. (2009). Calmodulin kinase II is required for fight or flight sinoatrial node physiology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America, 106(14), 5972–5977. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806422106.
-
Wu, L. J., Ko, S. W., Toyoda, H., Zhao, M. G., Xu, H., Vadakkan, K. I., et al. (2007). Increased anxiety-like behavior and enhanced synaptic efficacy in the amygdala of GluR5 knockout mice. PLoS One, 2(1), e167. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000167.
-
Wu, S. D., & Lo, P. C. (2010). Cardiorespiratory phase synchronization during normal rest and inward-attention meditation. International Journal of Cardiology, 141(3), 325–328. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.11.137.
-
Youngstedt, S. D., & Kripke, D. F. (2007). Does bright light have an anxiolytic effect?—An open trial. BMC Psychiatry, 7, 62. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-7-62.
-
Zagon, A., & Kemeny, A. A. (2000). Slow hyperpolarization in cortical neurons: A possible mechanism behind vagus nerve simulation therapy for refractory epilepsy? Epilepsia, 41(11), 1382–1389.
-
Zhang, J., Yu, X., & Xie, D. (2010). Effects of mental tasks on the cardiorespiratory synchronization. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 170(1), 91–95. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.11.003.
-
Zope, S. A., & Zope, R. A. (2013). Sudarshan kriya yoga: Breathing for health. International Journal of Yoga, 6(1), 4–10. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.105935.